Chinese party-state politics

Policy brief

published: 8.10.2025

When giving birth is a national duty: Beijing’s struggle to reverse demographic decline

Nis Grünberg

Daria Impiombato

China's demographic dilemma is characterized by a rapidly aging population, a declining birth rate, and a shrinking workforce. Many other countries share population challenges, but China's problems have unique characteristics, foreshadowing a crisis that is unprecedented in many of its aspects.

In this policy brief MERICS Lead Analyst Nis Grünberg and MERICS Senior Analyst Daria Impiombato investigate China's family planning policies and its struggle to reverse demographic decline.

About authors

Nis Grünberg

Lead Analyst at Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS)

State-party relations; elite politics; China’s sustainable development

Daria Impiombato

MERICS Senior Analyst